Tuscany is a predominantly hilly region with vineyard elevations rising up to 550 meters above sea level. About a quarter of the landscape is mountainous and a scant 8 percent is officially classified as flat. Approximately 57,942 hectares of the region's nearly 23,000 square kilometers is under vine. The main wine-growing areas of Tuscany include: Chianti, Montalcino, Montepulciano, The Tuscan coast Sangiovese grapes thrive in the interior hillside vineyards in the Chianti zone that runs between Florence and Siena, as well as in the Montalcino and Montepulciano areas, where its best expressions evolve. Cabernet Sauvignon flourishes in the warmer areas along the Tuscan coast. Soils in Tuscany range from soft and crumbly, marl-like clay-limestone and dense sandstone in the Apennine foothills to sandy clay around San Gimignano and gravelly clay and sandy soils in the Bolgheri and Maremma areas. Tuscany's climate is Mediterranean with dry, hot summers; warm springs; and mild, rainy autumns and winters. Variations in altitude, exposition, and diurnal temperatures in the foothills contribute to climatic conditions that help balance the sugar, acidity, and aromatics in the grapes primarily Sangiovese  planted there. Coastal areas like Bolgheri and Val di Cornia tend to be more temperate. source: SevenFifty Daily Piedmont has fostered a serious winemaking tradition since the Middle Ages. Early references to Nebbiolo wine were documented in the castle of Rivoli in 1266 and in the village of Canale in the Roero in 1303. The region's most prized grape was also highlighted in a book of statutes in the village of La Morra in 1431, wherein a five-lire fine was imposed on anyone who cut Nebbiolo vines. Piedmont is Italy's second largest geographical region and the country's seventh largest wine-producing region. Approximately 45,000 hectares of Piedmont's 25,399 square kilometers are under vine. Piemontese wine makes up 5 percent of Italy's national production and almost 18 percent of the country's total exports. Most of the region's wine comes from small vineyards in which the growers also make the wine. In Barolo and Barbaresco, the region's most revered winemaking areas, the average vineyard is only about five acres with an output of approximately 10,000 bottles a year. Situated in the northwest, Piedmont shares borders with France and Switzerland. The region's Italian name, Piemonte, translates to foot of the mountains, which is a fitting descriptor for its subalpine location and the fact that it's surrounded by mountains on three sides the Alps in the north and west and the Apennines in the south. The mountains create a protective barrier around Piedmont and the sub-alpine foothills offer many sunny slopes for planting the regions most-prized grape. While the sunniest aspects tend to be reserved for Nebbiolo, nearly all of the vineyards in Piedmont are planted on hills ranging in elevation from 150 to 450 meters above sea level. Very few (less than 5 percent) are officially classified as flat. The coolest sites are usually planted with Dolcetto, except in the hills southeast of Asti, where cooler vineyards are reserved for Moscato. Variations in soil composition, altitude, and aspect combined with the sub-mountainous landscape contribute to a range of mesoclimates throughout the region. source: SevenFiftyDaily